What does the term "turbulence" refer to in aviation?

Turbulence refers to irregular atmospheric motion that causes sudden and unexpected changes in the altitude or attitude of an aircraft. This phenomenon occurs due to various factors such as wind shear, thermal activity, or obstacles in the airflow, which disrupt the smooth flow of air, resulting in erratic movements. Pilots and dispatchers must understand turbulence as it can significantly affect flight safety, passenger comfort, and overall aircraft performance.

By recognizing this definition, it's easier to comprehend the operational implications of turbulence. For instance, it can lead to unpredictable changes in altitude that might require pilots to adjust the aircraft's flight path or altitude quickly. Knowledge of turbulence is crucial for pre-flight planning and in-flight decision-making, ensuring that flights are conducted safely and efficiently.